Ferns | Dryopteris

Athyrium filix-femina subsp. angustum f. rubellum 'Lady in Red', commonly known as the 'Lady in Red' fern, is a striking cultivar of the lady fern. This deciduous fern is renowned for its vibrant and colourful stems, which offer a beautiful contrast against the green fronds, creating an eye-catching display in any garden.

The 'Lady in Red' fern features feathery, finely divided fronds that can reach up to 60-90 cm in height, forming an elegant and graceful clump. The fronds are a rich, medium-green colour, providing a lush, verdant backdrop to the distinctive red to burgundy stems, which are the hallmark of this variety. This colouration is most intense in the early part of the growing season, gradually fading as the season progresses, but always retaining some level of its distinctive hue.

This fern prefers moist, well-drained soil and thrives in shady to partially shaded locations, making it an ideal choice for woodland gardens, shaded borders, or alongside water features. It is relatively low-maintenance, requiring only regular watering to keep the soil consistently moist. While it can tolerate brief periods of drought once established, prolonged dry spells should be avoided to prevent stress and maintain the plant’s vigour.

'Lady in Red' is hardy and can withstand temperatures down to -30°C (-22°F), making it suitable for a wide range of climates. Its elegant appearance and hardiness make it a popular choice among gardeners looking to add a touch of colour and texture to shaded areas. Additionally, this fern is deer-resistant and generally free from serious pests and diseases, further enhancing its appeal as a robust and reliable garden plant.

In summary, Athyrium filix-femina subsp. angustum f. rubellum 'Lady in Red' is a stunning and hardy fern that brings a unique and vivid splash of colour to shaded garden spaces, requiring minimal care and offering year-round interest.

Matteuccia struthiopteris, commonly known as the ostrich or shuttlecock fern, is a striking perennial fern native to temperate regions across the Northern Hemisphere. This plant is renowned for its large, graceful fronds that bear a resemblance to the elegant feathers of an ostrich or shuttlecock, hence the name. 

This fern typically grows in moist, well-drained soils and thrives in partial to full shade, making it an ideal plant for woodland gardens or shaded borders. It can reach a height of up to 1.5 metres (5 feet) and spreads through underground rhizomes, forming dense colonies over time. The plant's fronds are of two types: the sterile fronds, which are the showy, arching fronds that give the fern its name, and the fertile fronds, which are shorter, erect, and appear in the centre of the plant.

In spring, the young fronds, known as fiddleheads, emerge as tightly coiled spirals. These fiddleheads are not only a visual delight but are also edible. In some cultures, they are harvested and consumed as a delicacy, often compared to asparagus in flavour. However, care should be taken to properly identify and prepare them, as not all fern species are safe to eat.

Matteuccia struthiopteris is relatively low-maintenance once established. It is hardy and can withstand temperatures down to -20°C, making it suitable for various climates across the UK. Regular watering, especially during dry periods, and mulching to retain soil moisture are recommended to keep the plant thriving. Pruning is generally not necessary, though old fronds can be removed to maintain a tidy appearance.

Overall, this fern is a versatile and attractive plant that adds a lush, tropical feel to gardens. Its majestic fronds and adaptability make it a popular choice among gardeners and landscapers alike.

Doodia media, commonly known as the rasp fern, is a small to medium-sized terrestrial fern native to eastern Australia and parts of New Zealand. It belongs to the Blechnaceae family and is well regarded for its striking appearance and ease of cultivation in temperate gardens.

This evergreen fern typically grows to a height of 30 to 60 cm, forming neat clumps of erect or arching fronds. The young fronds emerge a vivid pink or red, creating a vibrant contrast against the mature, dark green foliage. Each frond is pinnate, with leathery leaflets that have a slightly toothed or rasped texture—hence the common name.

Doodia media prefers shaded or semi-shaded environments with consistently moist, well-drained, humus-rich soil. It thrives in sheltered woodland settings, rock gardens, or as part of an understory planting beneath larger shrubs or trees. Though relatively hardy, it does best in frost-free areas or where winter temperatures remain mild.

This fern is valued for both its ornamental qualities and its low maintenance requirements. It can be grown in the ground or in containers, making it suitable for patios and shaded courtyards. The colourful young growth adds seasonal interest, particularly in spring and early summer.

Propagation is typically by division of clumps in early spring. While generally pest-free, Doodia media may suffer in prolonged dry conditions or if exposed to direct, harsh sunlight.

In summary, Doodia media is a decorative and adaptable fern ideal for adding texture and colour to shaded areas of the garden. Its reddish new growth and tidy habit make it a desirable choice for gardeners seeking year-round foliage interest with minimal care.

Athyrium niponicum 'Metallicum' is a highly ornamental deciduous fern prized for its exceptional foliage colour and texture. Its softly arching fronds display a striking blend of silvery-grey tones with subtle metallic highlights and contrasting purple midribs, making it one of the most decorative ferns for shaded garden areas.

It is ideally suited to woodland gardens, shaded borders, and sheltered courtyards where it can be appreciated up close. This fern thrives in partial to full shade and prefers moist, well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter such as leaf mould or compost. Consistent moisture is important, particularly during dry periods, as it does not tolerate drought well.

Hardy in most UK gardens, it dies back in winter and re-emerges each spring with fresh, colourful growth. It pairs beautifully with hostas, heucheras, and other shade-loving perennials, adding contrast and a refined, elegant texture to planting schemes.

As a cultivar of Athyrium niponicum, it is relatively low maintenance, requiring only the removal of old fronds in late winter. Its unique colouring and compact habit make it an excellent choice for bringing light and interest to shaded spaces.

Asplenium scolopendrium is a distinctive evergreen fern that brings year-round texture and architectural elegance to shaded parts of the garden. Its long, glossy, strap-shaped fronds form neat rosettes, creating a bold yet graceful presence that contrasts beautifully with finer-leaved woodland plants and spring bulbs.

It is ideally suited to shaded or partially shaded garden areas, including woodland gardens, north-facing borders, and damp, sheltered courtyards. This fern prefers moist, well-drained soil that is rich in organic matter, and it performs particularly well in lime-rich or neutral conditions. Once established, it is relatively low maintenance, requiring only the removal of any damaged or tired fronds to keep it looking fresh.

As a naturally hardy species, it copes well with typical UK winters and will remain evergreen in most conditions, although it appreciates protection from prolonged winter wet and strong drying winds. It is also an excellent choice for naturalistic planting schemes, shaded rock gardens, or alongside streams and ponds where moisture levels are consistent.

Its architectural foliage provides structure throughout the year, making it a valuable foliage plant in gardens where flowers may be limited by shade.

Adiantum aleuticum 'Imbricatum' is a compact and attractive cultivar of the species Adiantum aleuticum, commonly known as the western or Aleutian maidenhair fern. It is valued in ornamental horticulture for its delicate appearance, tidy growth habit and refined texture, making it especially suitable for woodland gardens, shaded borders and container planting.

This deciduous fern forms neat clumps of arching fronds that typically reach around 20–35 cm in height and spread. The fronds are borne on slender, wiry stems that are dark purplish-black to nearly black, a characteristic feature of maidenhair ferns. These glossy stems contrast beautifully with the bright green leaflets, giving the plant a light and elegant appearance.

The cultivar name “Imbricatum” refers to the distinctive arrangement of the leaflets. The small fan-shaped segments are closely set and slightly overlapping, creating a layered or shingled effect along the fronds. This gives the plant a denser and more structured look than many other maidenhair ferns, which tend to have more widely spaced leaflets. The fine texture of the foliage moves gently in the slightest breeze and contributes to a soft, graceful presence in shaded planting schemes.

Like its parent species, this fern prefers cool, moist conditions and thrives in partial to full shade. It grows best in humus-rich, well-drained soil that remains consistently damp but not waterlogged. In garden settings it is often planted beneath trees, along shaded paths, or in rock gardens where moisture is reliable and direct sun is limited.

In spring, fresh fronds emerge as tightly coiled fiddleheads that gradually unfurl into their characteristic fan-shaped form. The foliage remains attractive through the growing season before dying back in autumn. Although delicate in appearance, the plant is reasonably hardy and can tolerate cold winter conditions when grown in suitable soil and shelter.

Dryopteris affinis 'The King', is a handsome and distinctive evergreen fern valued for its strong structure and attractively crested fronds. It belongs to the golden male fern group and is particularly appreciated for the decorative tips that give the plant an elegant yet slightly unusual appearance.

This fern forms a substantial clump of arching fronds that emerge from a central crown. Each frond is a rich, glossy green and can reach around 60–120 cm in length, creating a bold, architectural presence in shaded areas of the garden. The defining feature of this cultivar lies in the crested ends of the fronds and pinnae, where the leaflets divide into small tufted or tasselled tips. These crests give the plant a softly ruffled outline and add a layer of visual interest compared with standard forms of the species.

As an evergreen fern, it provides year-round structure and foliage in suitable conditions. Fresh new fronds unfurl in spring, often appearing slightly lighter green before deepening in colour as they mature. Older fronds can remain attractive through winter, though some gardeners choose to remove any tired foliage in early spring to allow the new growth to be seen clearly.

Dryopteris affinis ‘Cristata’ thrives in partial to full shade and prefers moist, humus-rich, well-drained soil. It is particularly well suited to woodland gardens, shaded borders, or naturalistic planting schemes where its bold texture contrasts beautifully with finer foliage plants. It combines well with hostas, hellebores and other shade-loving perennials, helping to create layered planting with varied forms and textures.

This fern is generally hardy and reliable in the UK climate, requiring little maintenance once established. Its robust habit, evergreen character and distinctive crested fronds make it a valuable structural plant for shaded garden spaces.

Overall, Dryopteris affinis ‘Cristata’ is admired for its durability, ornamental foliage and ability to bring year-round interest and texture to sheltered, shady areas of the garden